- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH):
- Secreted by the hypothalamus.
- Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH.
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
- Acts on follicular cells in the thyroid.
- Prompts these cells to produce and release thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin.
- Thyroglobulin (Tg):
- A glycoprotein made by thyroid follicular cells.
- Found in the lumen of thyroid follicles.
- After total thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine treatment, Tg levels should be zero; presence indicates disease recurrence.
- Calcitonin:
- Produced by parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid.
- Lowers the number and activity of osteoclasts, reducing bone resorption.
- High levels are seen in medullary carcinoma.
- TSH-Receptor Antibodies:
- Found in Graves’ disease.
- These antibodies bind to TSH receptors on follicular cells, stimulating them to produce T4 and T3 hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism.
- Thyroglobulin Antibodies:
- Develop in autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto’s disease, causing hypothyroidism.
- Usually associated with thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies.
- Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO):
– An enzyme responsible for:
- Converting iodide to iodine.
- Iodinating tyrosine to monoiodotyrosine.
- Coupling monoiodotyrosine with di-iodotyrosines to form T3.
- Coupling di-iodotyrosines to form T4.
- Antimicrosomal Antibodies:
- Also known as antiperoxidase antibodies.
- Found in autoimmune thyroid disorders.
- Antiperoxidase (TPO) Antibodies:
- Present in nearly all cases of Hashimoto’s disease and 80% of Graves’ disease cases.
- Propylthiouracil and Methimazole:
- These medications impair the organification of iodine, reducing T4 and T3 levels.
- Used to treat hyperthyroidism.
- Propylthiouracil is preferred during pregnancy as it does not cross the placental barrier.
- Excess Iodine:
- Inhibits the release of thyroid hormones (Wolff–Chaikoff effect), causing a drop in T4 and T3 levels.
- Lugol’s iodine or potassium iodine is used to prepare hyperthyroid patients for surgery.
———— End of the chapter ————
Download full PDF Link:
Thyroid Hormones and Antibodies Best Lecture Notes Dr Rahul Bagla ENT Textbook
Reference Textbooks.
- Scott-Brown, Textbook of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
- Cummings, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
- Stell and Maran’s, Textbook of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology.
- Ballenger’s, Otorhinolaryngology Head And Neck Surgery
- Susan Standring, Gray’s Anatomy.
- Frank H. Netter, Atlas of Human Anatomy.
- B.D. Chaurasiya, Human Anatomy.
- P L Dhingra, Textbook of Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat.
- Hazarika P, Textbook of Ear Nose Throat And Head Neck Surgery Clinical Practical.
- Mohan Bansal, Textbook of Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat Head and Neck Surgery.
- Hans Behrbohm, Textbook of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases With Head and Neck Surgery.
- Logan Turner, Textbook of Diseases of The Nose, Throat and Ear Head And Neck Surgery.
- Arnold, U. Ganzer, Textbook of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.
- Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology.
- Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology.
Author:
Dr. Rahul Bagla
MBBS (MAMC, Delhi) MS ENT (UCMS, Delhi)
Fellow Rhinoplasty & Facial Plastic Surgery.
Renowned Teaching Faculty
Mail: msrahulbagla@gmail.com
India
———– Follow us on social media ————
- Follow our Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Rahul.Bagla.UCMS
- Follow our Instagram page: https://www.instagram.com/dr.rahulbagla/
- Subscribe to our Youtube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Drrahulbagla
- Please read. Juvenile Angiofibroma. https://www.entlecture.com/juvenile-angiofibroma/
- Please read. Tumours of Hypopharynx . https://www.entlecture.com/tumours-of-the-hypopharynx/
- Please read. Anatomy of Oesophagus. https://www.entlecture.com/anatomy-of-oesophagus/
Keywords: Aetiology of acute pharyngitis, Viral Pharyngitis, Bacterial Pharyngitis, Fungal Pharyngitis, Pharyngoconjunctival Fever, Infectious Mononucleosis, acute pharyngitis symptoms and treatment, causes of acute pharyngitis in adult, bacterial vs viral acute pharyngitis, home remedies for acute pharyngitis, diagnosis and management of acute pharyngitis, acute pharyngitis in children: signs to watch, antibiotics for acute pharyngitis: when are they needed, how to prevent recurrent acute pharyngitis, complications of untreated acute pharyngitis, acute pharyngitis vs chronic pharyngitis differences, Acute Pharyngitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Effective Treatments, Viral vs Bacterial Acute Pharyngitis: How to Spot the Difference, Top Home Remedies for Acute Pharyngitis to Relieve Discomfort, Everything You Need to Know About Acute Pharyngitis in Children, When to Use Antibiotics for Acute Pharyngitis: A Doctor’s Guide, Preventing and Managing Recurrent Episodes of Acute Pharyngitis, Complications of Acute Pharyngitis: Why Timely Treatment Matters, A Comprehensive Guide to Acute Pharyngitis Diagnosis and Care, Understanding the Differences Between Acute and Chronic Pharyngitis, Tips to Protect Your Throat and Avoid Acute Pharyngitis.