Pharyngeal arches and its derivatives
Pharyngeal Arches and Germinal Layers
Six pairs of well-defined outgrowths called pharyngeal arches develop at week 4, lateral to the stomodeum and above the cardiac bulge. These pharyngeal arches are a proliferation of mesoderm germ layer infiltrated by the neural crest cells. The fifth arch appears briefly but disappears soon after its formation. Each pharyngeal arch is composed of three germinal layers:
- Endoderm: Forms the inner lining of the pharyngeal arches.
- Ectoderm: Forms the outer surface of the arches.
- Mesoderm: Located between the endoderm and ectoderm, it forms the structural framework of the arches.
Each arch has its own blood supply and nerve supply. Between the two pharyngeal arches, there are clefts on the ectodermal (outer) side and pouches on the endodermal (inner) side. These clefts and pouches play key roles in forming various structures in the head and neck region.
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Reference Textbooks.
- Scott-Brown, Textbook of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
- Cummings, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
- Stell and Maran’s, Textbook of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology.
- Ballenger’s, Otorhinolaryngology Head And Neck Surgery
- Susan Standring, Gray’s Anatomy.
- Frank H. Netter, Atlas of Human Anatomy.
- B.D. Chaurasiya, Human Anatomy.
- P L Dhingra, Textbook of Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat.
- Hazarika P, Textbook of Ear Nose Throat And Head Neck Surgery Clinical Practical.
- Mohan Bansal, Textbook of Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat Head and Neck Surgery.
- Hans Behrbohm, Textbook of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases With Head and Neck Surgery.
- Logan Turner, Textbook of Diseases of The Nose, Throat and Ear Head And Neck Surgery.
- Arnold, U. Ganzer, Textbook of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.
- Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology.
Author:
Dr. Rahul Bagla
MBBS (MAMC, Delhi) MS ENT (UCMS, Delhi)
Fellow Rhinoplasty & Facial Plastic Surgery.
Renowned Teaching Faculty
Mail: msrahulbagla@gmail.com
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